1.7.4 Silent viewing………………………………………………………………13 1.7.5 Freeze-frame viewing…………………………………………………….13 1.8 Outline of the Study……………………………………………………………….14 1.9 Summary…………………………………………………………………………..14 Chapter 2: Review of the Literature 2.0 Preliminaries…………………………………………………………………………15 2.1 Significance of the Listening Skill…………………………………………………15 2.2 The Listening Process………………………………………………………………17 2.2.1 Top-down Processing……………………………………………………17 2.2.2 Bottom-up Processing……………………………………………………18 2.3 Components of the Listening Skill…………………………………………………20 2.4 Types of the Listening Skill………………………………………………………21 2.5 A Historical Overview of the Listening Instruction………………………………24 2.6 Teaching Listening…………………………………………………………………28 2.7 Areas of Research in the Listening Comprehension………………………………31 2.8 Video Material……………………………………………………………………33 2.8.1 Dual Coding Theory (DCT)……………………………………………..35 2.8.2 Authenticity………………………………………………………………37 2.8.3 Studies on Using Video Material in Language Classes…………………38 2.8.4 Studies on Using Captions and Subtitles…………………………………..47 2.8.5 Studies on Using Advance Organizers……………………………………..54 2.9 Summary……………………………………………………………………………59 Chapter 3: Methodology 3.0 Preliminaries…………………………………………………..………………….60 3.1 The Design of the Study………………………………………………………….60 3.2 Participants……………………………………………………………………….61 3.3 Instruments and Materials………………………………………………………….62 3.3.1 Oxford Placement Test………………………………………….………62 3.3.2 IELTS Listening Test………………………………………..………….63 3.3.3 Close-ended Questionnaire………………………………….………….63 3.3.4 Video Material…………………………………………………..………63 3.3.5 Pilot Study………………………………………………………………64 3.4 Data Collection Procedure………………………………………………..………65 3.5 Methods of Analyzing Data……………………………………………………….66 3.6 Summary………………………………………………………………..…………67 Chapter 4: Result 4.0 Preliminaries…………………………………………………………….…….…..68 4.1 Data Analysis and Findings…………………………………………….…………69 4.1.1 Pilot Study……………………………………………………..…………69 4.1.2 General Placement Test (OPT)………………………………..…………70 4.1.3 Testing the Normality Assumption…………………………….…………71 4.1.4 The First Research Question……………………………….……………73 4.1.5 Descriptive Statistics for the Pre-Test Scores of Listening Comprehension……………………………………………………………………….74 4.1.6 Descriptive Statistics for the Post-Test Scores of Listening Comprehension…………………………………………………………..……….……76 4.1.7 The Second Research Question……………………….…………………78 4.1.8 The Third Research Question……………………………………………78 4.1.9 The Fourth Research Question……………….………………………….79 4.2 Summary………………………………………………………………………………83 Chapter 5: Discussion 5.0 Preliminaries……………………………………………………………………….85 5.1 General Discussion……………………………………….…………………………..85 5.2 Implications of the Study………………………………….………………………90 5.3 Limitations of the Study…………………………………………….…………….91 5.4 Suggestions for further Research…………………………………………………92 5.5 Summary………………………………………………………………………….92 References………………………………………………………………….…………93 Appendices………………………………………………………………………….102 Appendix A: Oxford Placement Test…………………………………………102 Appendix B: IELTS Listening Tests…………………………………………110 Appendix C: Close-ended Questionnaire………………….…………………118   List of Tables Title                                                                                                                           Page Table 2.1 Years of Training in Different Skills………………………………….……17 Table 3.1 Information about the Participants` age……………………………………61 Table 4.1 Correlations between First and Second Administration of Listening Test……………………………………………………………………………………70 Table 4.2 Reliability Statistics…………………………………………………….…..70 Table 4.3 Statistics for OPT Test Scores………………………………………………71 Table 4.4 Statistics for the Skewness Analysis……………………………………….72 Table 4.5 Descriptive Statistics for Pre-test Scores of Listening Comprehension Test……………………………………………………………………………………..74 Table 4.6 One – Way ANOVA for the Three Groups on Pre-Test………………….…75 Table 4.7 Descriptive Statistics for the Results of the Post–Test………………….…..76 Table 4.8 One- Way ANOVA for the Three Groups on Post-Test……………….……77 Table 4.9 Multiple Comparisons (Scheffe test) for Three Groups on Post-Test……….78 Table 4.10 Item Statistics for the Attitude Questionnaire…………………………….80 List of Figures Figure 4.1 Scatter plot for the two experimental and control group for pre-test scores………………………………………………………………………………….73 Figure 4.2 Scatter plot for the two experimental and control group for post-test scores………………………………………………………………………………….73 Figure 4.3 The comparison of the three groups on pre-test…………………………..75