Acknowledgements Abbreviations Table of Content…………………………………………………………………….………….I List of Tables………………………………………………………………………………..XVI List of Figures………………………..………………………………………………………XVI Chapter One: Introduction………………………………………………………………..……1 1.1. Overview….……………………………………………………………………….1 1.2. Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………….…6 1.3. Purpose of the Study………………………………………………………………7 1.4. Significance of the Study………………………………………………………….8 1.5. Research Questions and Hypothesis………………………………………………8 1.5.1. Research Questions………………………………………………………8 1.5.2. Research Hypothesis…………………………………………………….9 1.6. Definition of key terms……………………………………………………………9 1.6.1. Translation………………………………………………………………9 1.6.2. Cultural Translation……………………………………………………10 1.6.3. Domestication………………………………………………………….10 1.6.4. Foreignization………………………………………………………….10 1.7. Limitations and Delimitations……………………………………………………10 1.7.1. Limitations……………………………………………………………..10 1.7.2. Delimitations……………………………………………………………11 1.8. Theoretical Framework…………………………………………………………..11 Chapter Two: Review of the Related Literature…………………….………………………..12 2.1. History of the Theory of Translation…………………………………………….12 2.1.1. Domestication in Early Translation in England…………………………….14 2.1.2. Domestication in Early Translation Theories……………..……………17 2.1.3. Fluency Techniques and Alternative Translation Strategies in the 17th-18th Centuries26 2.1.4. Victorian Age and Foreignization………………………………………32 2.1.5.Early 20th century–theory and practice in Britain and America……….41 2.1.6. Alternative points of view…………………………………..……….…44 2.1.7. Theory and Practice in the 1960s……………………………………….49 2.1.8. The cultural turn in translation studies………………………………….54 2.1.9.Criticism of Venuti’s Theory of Domestication and Foreignization……65 2.1.10. Conclusion……………………………..……………………………..76 2.2. Culture Specific Items……………………………………………………….……79 2.3. Tourism…………………………………………………………………………..83 2.3.1. Tourist…………………………………………..………………….…..86 2.4. Eastern Azarbaijan……………………………………………………………….87 2.4.1. Tabriz……………………………………………………………………89 2.4.1.1. Tabriz is the City of Beauties………………….……………..89 2.4.1.2. Tabriz from the View of Tourists…………………………….91 2.4.1.3. The Famous Persons and Luminaries of Tabriz………………93 2.4.1.4. Tabriz the City of Pioneers……………………………….….94 Chapter Three: Methodology………………………………………………………………….95 3.1. Overview……………………………………………………….…………………95 3.2. Design……………………………………………………………………………97 3.3. Corpus…………………………………………………………………………….97 3.4. Samples…………………………………………………………………………..98 3.5. Instrumentation…………………………………………………………………..98 3.6. Data Collection and Data Analysis Procedure……………….…………………..98 Chapter Four: Data Analysis…………………………………………………………..…….100 4.1. Overview………………………………………………………………………..100 4.2. Samples…………………………………………………………………………..105 4.2.1. Geographical Culture Specific Items……………..…………………..106 4.2.1.1. Sample 1. Magbarat-al-Shoara…………………….…..……106 4.2.1.2. Sample 2. Arg-E-Alishah……………..…………….………108 4.2.1.3. Sample 3. Masjid-E-Kabud…………………………….……110 4.2.1.4. Sample 4. El-Goli (Shah-Goli)………….……………….….111 4.2.1.5. Sample 5. Boq-E Saheb-ol-Amr………….…………………112 4.2.1.6. Sample 6. Pol-E Aji Chai…………………..…………….…113 4.2.1.7. Sample 7: Borj-E Khalat-Pooshan………………………….114 4.2.1.8. Sample 8. Hamam-E Nobar…………………………………115 4.2.1.9. Sample 9. Rabae Rashidiye…………………………….……115 4.2.1.10. Sample 10. Boq-E Oun-ibn-E Ali…………………….……116 4.2.1.11. Sample 11. Bagh-E Do-Kamal…………….…………………..117 4.2.1.12. Sample 12. Mooz-E-Ye Azarbaijan………………….……118 4.2.1.13. Sample 13. Meidan-E Shohada………………………………..119 4.2.1.14. Sample 14. Pol-E Ghari……………………………….…..120 4.2.1.15. Sample 15. Khan-E-Ye Mashrooteh………………….……121 4.2.1.16. Sample 16. Bazaar-E Tabriz……………….………………123 4.2.1.17. Sample 17. Bagh-E Golestan………………………….…..123 4.2.1.18. Sample 18. Mooze-Ye Sanjesh…………………………….124 4.2.1.19. Sample 19. Masjid-E Jame Tabriz…………………………125 4.2.1.20. Sample 20. Boqe Seyyed Hamzeh…………………………127 4.2.1.21. Sample 21. Borj-E Atashneshani…………………….……127 4.2.1.22. Sample 22. Masjid-E Ostad Shagerd……….……………..128 4.2.1.23. Sample 23. Khane-YE Haidar Zade……………….………129 4.2.1.24. Sample 24. Mouze-YE Qajar………………………………130 4.2.1.25. Sample 25. Darre-YE Liqvan………….…………………..131 4.2.1.26. Sample 26. Aji Chay (Talkheh Rood)…………….……….131 4.2.1.27. Sample 27. Pol-E Kabli (Etehad-E Melli)………..……….132 4.2.1.28. Sample 28. Boq-E Seyyed Ibrahim…………….………….133 4.2.1.29. Sample 29. Bazaar-E Ghazan………….…………….…….133 4.2.1.30. Sample 30. Jadde Abrisham…………………………….…134 4.2.1.31. Sample 31. Timche Amir………………………….………134 4.2.1.32. Sample 32. Timche Mozafari-E………….………………..135 4.2.1.33. Sample 33. Qoll-E Sorkhab……………….………………135 4.2.1.34. Sample 34. Kakh-E Ostandari………………………….….136 4.2.1.35. Sample 35. Khangah-E Goosh Khane…….…………….…136 4.2.1.36. Sample 36. Ghar-E Qadamqah…………….……………….137 4.2.1.37. Sample 37. Cheshme Tap Tapan……………………..……138 4.2.1.38. 4.2.1.38. Sample 38. Daryache-YE Uremia……………………138 4.2.1.39. Sample 39. Hammam-E Mehr Abad……………………….138 4.2.1.40. Sample 40. Masjid-E Mehr Abad……….…………………139 4.2.1.41. Sample 41. Abshar-E Asiyab Kharabeh….……………….139 4.2.1.42. Sample 42. Borj-E Dozal………………….………………140 4.2.1.43. Sample 43. Qale-YE Kordasht………………….…………140 4.2.1.44. Sample 44. Hammam-E Kordasht………….……………..141 4.2.1.45. Sample 45. Darre-YE Kabutaran……………………….…141 4.2.1.46. Sample 46. Abshar-E Sarkand Dizaj……………………….142 4.2.1.47. Sample 47. Kelisa-YE Mujumbar……………………………..142 4.2.1.48. Sample 48. Emarat-E Thomanians…………………………143 4.2.1.49. Sample 49. Kelisa-YE Veinaq…………………………….144 4.2.1.50. Sample 50. Qale-YE Babak………………………….……144 4.2.1.51. Sample 51. Gunbad-I Ghaffariye…………………….……145 4.2.1.52. Sample 52. Gunbad-I Kabood……………………………..145 4.2.1.53. Sample 53. Pol-E Dokhtar………………………….……..146 4.2.1.54. Sample 54. Rood Khane-YE Gizil Uzan…………….……147 4.2.1.55. Sample 55. Qale Dokhtar…………………………….……147 4.2.1.56. Sample 56. Qaflankooh…………………………………….148 4.2.1.57. Sample 57. Mantaqe-YE Chichakli……….………………149 4.2.1.58. Sample 58. Qale Jowshin………………….………………149 4.2.1.59. Sample 59. Qale Zahak…………………….………………150 4.2.1.60. Sample 60. Kooh-E Sormelu……………….……………..150 4.2.1.61. Sample 61. Kooh-E Bozgush………………………….…..150 4.2.1.62. Sample 62. Kooh-E Kamtal…………………………….…151 4.2.1.63. Sample 63. Hammam-E Chaharsue…………………….…152 4.2.1.64. Sample 64. Masjid-E Roomian………………………………..152 4.2.1.65. Sample 65. Bana-YE Tappe Mosalla………….…………..153 4.2.1.65. Sample 65. Maqbare Oliya-Ye Qazi Jahan………………..153 4.2.1.66. Sample 66. Boqe Pir Jabir………………………………….154 4.2.1.67. Sample 67. Masjid-E Sakhre-IE Gadamqah……………….154 4.2.1.68. Sample 68. Mantaqe-YE Geermizigol…….………………154 4.2.1.69. Sample 69. Masjid-E Ojuzlu…………………………………..155 4.2.1.70. Sample 70. Kooh-E Sultan Daghi…………………….……155 4.2.1.71. Sample 71. Qale Pishtu…………………….………………155 4.2.1.72. Sample 72. Karvansara-YE Al-Khalaj………………….…156 4.2.1.73. Sample 73. Talab-E Quri Gol……………………….…….156 4.2.1.74. Sample 74. Mantaqe-YE Shah Yurdi………………………157 4.2.1.75. Sample 75. Pol-E Panj Chashme……………………..……157 4.2.1.76. Sample 76. Masjid-E Zargaran……………………….……158 4.2.1.77. Sample 77. Kelisa-YE Choopan……………………….….158 4.2.1.78. Sample 78. Kooh-ha-YE Sangi Uch Gizlar….……………159 4.2.1.79. Sample 79. Cheshme-YE Pir Sagga………….……………159 4.2.1.80. Sample 80. Abshar-E Pir Sagga……………………………160 4.2.1.81. Sample 81. Ghar-E Hajji Abad…………………………….160 4.2.1.82. Sample 82. Pol-E Gavdush Abad………………….………161 4.2.1.83. Sample 83.Maqbare-YE Ilkhani-YE Asafestan……………161 4.2.1.84. Sample 84. Ab-E Garm-E Asbfrooshan………….………..161 4.2.1.85. Sample 85. Ab-E Garm-E Allah-Haq………………….….162 4.2.1.86. Sample 86. Kelisa-YE Sohrel………………………….….162 4.2.1.87. Sample 87. Pol-E Tirvan……………………………….….163 4.2.1.88. Sample 88. Pol-E Tarikhi Gizil Korpu………….………….163 4.2.1.89. Sample 89. Qale Barazlu…………………………………..164 4.2.1.90. Sample 90. Sakhteman-E Inali………….…………………164 4.2.1.91. Sample 91. Borj-E Farrokhi……………………….………164 4.2.1.92. Sample 92. Pol-Ha-YE Khoda-Afarin….…………………165 4.2.1.93. Sample 93. Borj-E Qarluja………….……………………..165 4.2.1.94. Sample 94. Galae Darasi……………………….………….166 4.2.1.95. Sample 95. Ab-E Garm-E Motaaleg……….………………166 4.2.1.96. Sample 96. Zoghal Akhte……………………………..……167 4.2.1.97. Sample 97. Borj-E Modavar……………….………………168 4.2.1.98. Sample 98. Gunbad-I Sorkh…………………….…………168 4.2.1.99. Sample 99. Sadd-E Alavian………………………….……169 4.2.1.100. Sample 100. Ghar-E Kabootar……………………….…..169 4.2.1.101. Sample 101. Mabad-E Mehr………………………….….170 4.2.1.102. Sample 102. Hammam-E Khaje Nasir………….………..170 4.2.1.103. Sample 103. Tappe Yaldor……………….…………………..171 4.2.1.104. Sample 104. Shorsu………….……………………….…..171 4.2.1.105. Sample 105. Aqche Qala……………….…………………172